Oreskes Climate Change - 1151 Words

Climate Change There have been plenty of disputes regarding the infamous topic global warming, despite the fact that there is a unanimous scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. A history professor at UCSD, Naomi Oreskes, discusses this in her article, â€Å"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change†. She begins her investigation by researching credible experts and environmental organizations, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the National Academy of Sciences, and several others. By utilizing these various sources as evidence it strengthens her argument about the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. In this case, Oreskes audience consists of†¦show more content†¦The content in which the author’s argument is structured is crucial to the overall effect of her article. She begins with a statement describing how some feel uncertain about climate change and more spe cifically the disagreement about anthropogenic climate change. Subsequently, the author proves her main claim that humans are affecting climate change with supporting evidence from credible organizations. She continues to examine her gathered evidence to reinforce her argument as factual, and not merely opinion based. Towards the end of her article, she generates an emotional tone â€Å"our grandchildren will surely blame us if they find that we understood the reality of anthropogenic climate change and failed to do anything about it†, which connects her to the audience (par. 9). This advances her purpose because she then asks the readers to take action and listen to climate scientists, who have tried to make anthropogenic climate change clear to the public (par. 10). Likewise, Chris Mooney, a journalist and author who evaluated the relationship between scientists and the public, discusses the similar issue about climate change in his article, â€Å"If Scientists Want to Educate the Public, they Should Start by Listening.† He begins by gathering information generated from scientists and the public to determine why most people refuse to believe scientists onShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Global Warming1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe climate change debate has been ongoing for nearly thirty years now, the debate is over the causation(s) of global warming. Temperatures on earth have increased approximately 2.0 °F since the early 20th century. Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have drastically increased within the atmosphere. Both sides within the debate surrounding global climate change can agree on these points. However; disagree on a number of other possible causations of global warming. Even thoughRead MoreParis Climate Agreement1386 Words   |  6 PagesParis Climate Agreement In December of 2015, a historic agreement was made between nations all around the world – the Paris Climate Agreement. The agreement is an inspirational global accord that will trigger and legitimize more climate action around the world (Clà ©menà §on 2016). The pact calls for all included nations to adopt green energy sources, cut down on climate change emissions, and limit the rise of global temperatures while also cooperating to cope with the impact of unavoidable climate changeRead MoreThe Issue Of The Environment And Globalisation1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe past few centuries have endured a drastic change in the world in terms of human activities that it has resulted in a critical and significant change in our planet. 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That is especially trueRead MoreThe Issue Of The Environment And Globalisation1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe past few centuries have seen such a drastic change in the world in terms of human activities that it has resulted in an enormously significant change in our planet. For a better understanding, the process which brings all people and communities across the globe come together to experience a progressively universal economic, social and cultural environment is called globalisation. Thus, by definition, the process of globalisation affects everybody throughout the world and also has a significantRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Climate is defined as weather conditions existing in a particular area over a period of time. When changes in weather patterns start to occur, this is called climate change. Peter Singer describes carbon emissions would extinguish human life. Climate change is a disastrous event because there is a wide range of environmental impacts affecting life expectancy. In different geographical areas, climates will change if temperatures influence them to fluctuate. The major cause of climate change isRead MoreEssay on Anthropogenic Global Warming2241 Words   |  9 PagesThe issues surrounding Global Warming or Anthropogenic Warming introduce several different h ypotheses. One is the Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) hypotheses which has become the most looked at theory. It supports the claim that climate change is due largely in part because of human activities. It also claims that human activity will eventually bring the world to an end. While the AGW is being argued there is also the issue of what is called the Kyoto Protocol which many scientists have urged theRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Causing Problems Throughout The United States2041 Words   |  9 PagesCorresponding warming on Earth and Mars suggests that our planet s recent climate changes have a natural cause, according to Habibullo Abdussamatov. Habibullo Abdussamatov, head of space research at St. Petersburg s Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Russia, says the Mars data is evidence that the current global warming on Earth is being caused by changes in the sun. Earth is currently experiencing rapid warming, which the majority of climate scientists says is due to humans pumpin g enormous amounts of greenhouseRead MoreThe Building Of Western Civilization1869 Words   |  8 PagesNaomi Oreskes Erik M. Conway. This smaller version of a semi-fictional essay is meant to be taken as a parallel universe to what they imaged, but with one vital difference; immediate action is taken in an effort to limit the damage from climate change. In this version, the children of Enlightenment take action to address the serious issue of climate change, but still have to deal with the damage already done by greenhouse gas emissions and a vast corporate world that opposes every change suggestedRead MoreUnity And Low Lying Regions1412 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment involvement, creating alternative energy sources, and controlling greenhouse gases. Climate change is altering the earth, and will ultimately destroy it in the end. Global warming is caused by carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere from emissions like cars, electricity, factories, and other machines causing a chain reaction of dramatic climate change from one extreme to another. Climate change is the cause of polar melting, glacier melting, and sea level rise, and could lead to the exhaustion

Ict in Language Teaching Free Essays

ICT IN LANGUAGE TEACHING Introduction: English is the dominant language of the Internet. A large proportion of the educational software produced in the world market is in English. For developing countries in the Asia-Pacific where English language proficiency is not high, this represents a serious barrier to maximizing the educational benefits of the World Wide Web. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict in Language Teaching or any similar topic only for you Order Now Icts In Language Teaching: Technology is in-built in language teaching. The latest technology available to the language teacher is the computer. Many examples of the use of ICTs can be introduced in language teaching. Here a few, ?Word processing Composing documents and presentations ?Information and communication ?Speech Recoginition And Synthesis ?Multimedia and languages ?E-learning ?Chatting ?Skype or Voip Service ?Online Teaching ?Web –Based Learning Word processing: The most common application of ICT in languages is word processing, to create, for example, letters and other documents. Ability to use a word processor is necessary in today’s society. Computer provides a better alternative for people using typewriters. There are clear advantages of using a word processor compared to the usual method of writing on paper or typing with a typewriter. Student should appreciate the use of a word processor and be encouraged to use it for most writing tasks. Teachers can create cloze reading tests like i. Texts with missing words ii. Words missing punctuation iii. Plural or tense endings iv. Arranging a story in chronological order v. Completing a story or vi. An outline for students to complete. Composing documents and presentations: Students can be taught to compose documents and make presentations. They can use texts and graphics in their presentations. They should know to convert data into appropriate graphics presentations. They should be able to produce simple web pages with text and graphics. Information and communication: In an information society, Students can get information quickly from appropriate sources and they can exchage an information and collaborate speedily with others throughout the world. With the increasing use of the Internet, it is necessary that students have a clear but critical understanding of the possibilities of the World Wide Web. Students should know the various sources of information available to them and how to access these. There is considerable amount of information on the internet about writers and books; databases, reviews, opinions, and so on. This ready access will change the nature of language teaching because this information is so easy to access. Speech Recoginition And Synthesis: Students should be given the right software, so that they can compare their own pronunciations with those of a synthesized model, both orally and visually. Language laboratories are very useful in learning a foreign language. Multimedia and languages: Students can create their own multimedia software, to help in their learning of a foreign language. Thus Students can the language in a playful way. E-learning: E-learning is defined as an interactive learning in which the learning content is available online and provides automatic feedback to the students learning activities. Online communication with real people may or may not be included, but the focus of e-learning is usually more on the learning content than on communication between learners and tutors. E-learning could be viewed as an Online descendant of computer– based training(CBT) and computer– aided instruction (CAI). Goals and benefits of e-learning: . Improved performance: Higher education in Online learning is generally better than in face-to-face courses. 2. Increased access: Students can share their knowledge across borders, allowing students to across physical, political and economic boundaries. 3. Convenience and flexibility to learners: Learners are not bound to a specific day or time to physically attend classes. They can also pause learning sessio ns at their convenience. The high technology is not necessary for all Online courses. Basic internet access, audio and video capabilities are common requriments. Depending on the technology used, Students can begin their courses while at work and finish them at home on a different computer. 4. To develop the literacy skills and competencies needed in this present century: E-learning enables learners to develop the literacy skills knowledged- based workers by embedding the use of ICT’s within the curriculum. Chatting: Chatting is another great tool for Online Teaching, especially for a small virtual conference with one or a few students for a seminar. The audio and video components of some of the chat programs offer even more advantages. Students can use one of the free chat programs such as Yahoo messenger or MSN but they are often part of an Educational Delivery Application. Skype or Voip Service: The Online telephone services are great for teaching online language classes. A lot of online teachers use services like Skype but students often use their mobile phone so they can take a call anywhere. Online Teaching: Online teaching refers to the process of tutoring within an online virtual environment or networked environment where teachers and learners are separated by time and space. There are many terms for online education. Some of them are: 1. virtual education. 2. Internet- based education. 3. Web- based education. 4. Computer- mediated communication (CMC) Tutor is an academic, lecturer or professor who has responsibility for teaching in a degree or diploma programme in a university or vocational teaching and learning setting. In this instance the teacher requires excellent online communication skills to guide students who may study totally online without face- to- face contact with the tutor. It also focuses on achieving goals of independent learning, learner autonomy, self- reflection, knowledge construction, group based learning and discussion. It involves five stages. They are, 1. Access and motivation 2. Online socialization 3. Information exchange 4. Knowledge construction 5. Development. Web –Based Learning: Web –Based Learning is associated with learning materials delivered in a Web browser, including the materials packaged on CD- ROM. Online learning is associated with content readily accessible on a computer. The content may be on the Web or the internet, or simply installed on a CD- ROM or the computer hard disk. Web –Based Learning entails content in a Web browser and actual learning materials delivered in a Web format. In this, Web –Based Learning is analogous to textbooks, where the content determines whether a book is a novel, a report, or a textbook. Simply offering computer -based training (CBT) for download from a Website is not Web –Based Learning since there is no learning content in Web format. Web browsing the learning content is the key feature of Web –Based Learning. Web –Based Learning content is typically retrieved from a Website. For instance, some Web –Based Learning offerings operate from CD- ROM and many are offered on dual format: Website and CD- ROM. The CD- ROM solution is typically associated with situations where network access may not be available or practical, like in schools lacking internet access or in the midst of a military conflict. Benefits of Web –Based Learning: 1. Access is available anytime, anywhere, around the globe: Students access information whether they are working from home or from office. . Per-Student equipment costs are affordable: Almost any computer today equipped with a modem and free browser software can access the internet or a private intranet. The cost of set up is relatively low. 3. Student tracking is made easy: WBT enables the data to be automatically tracked on the server- computer. Thus students can easily implement the powerful Student tracking systems. 4. Content is easily updat ed: WBT is a simple matter of copying the updated files from a local developers computer onto the server- computer. The real disadvantage of WBT, is the lack of human contact, which greatly impacts learning. WBT is better than the CD- ROM learning in this regard. Students can use their Web connection to e-mail other students,post comments on message boards, or use chat rooms and videoconference links to communicate live. With higher speed connections and improved conferencing software, one day Students around the world will be able to communicate in real time with each other through full- screen video. Using Web- based training, like all other delivery media, has advantages and disadvantages. One of the greatest challenges in ICT use in education is balancing educational goals with economic realities. ICTs in education programs require large capital investments and developing countries need to be prudent in making decisions about what models if ICT use will be introduced and to be conscious of maintaining economies of scale. CONCLUSION: Thus ICTs are a powerful and useful teaching tool in the hands of a resourceful teacher. ICTs help a learner in learning any aspect of language such as vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, composition, etc. It motivates learner to learn foreign language and literature. How to cite Ict in Language Teaching, Essay examples

The Bebop Revolution free essay sample

Music and Ideas, Jazz Lecturer: Paul O Donned Submission Date: 21-January-2011 Revolution; the forcible overthrow of a government or social order, In favor of a new system. [1] The 1 sass saw one of the greatest musical revolutions of the 20th century, the transition of swing to bebop. Although the exact origins of the name are ambiguous, it is widely accepted that the name bears relation to scat singing, a nonsense syllabic phrase employed by voice improvisations.Originally, the syllables rebel and bebop had appeared many scat singing solos. The style has been named In relation to this tradition due to the similarities In their performance- freedom and opportunities to improvise are common to each. One of the most Influential bebop players, Dizzy Gillespie, noted how audiences would not know the name of the song and instead request bebop, [3] and so the term was coined. Bebop saw the beginning of a new and exciting form of Jazz performance. In Scott Yawns words, the name is really a tribute to the musics rhythmic nature and spontaneity. [2] Swing, possibly one of the all-time most popular genres of North American music, suffered a decline from 1944 onwards. Due to the recording strike by the Musicians union, no new records were created for some labels for a period of almost 2 years. [2] This time saw an increase in singers who, up to this point, rarely the opportunity to contribute In a Big Band environment. Moreover, wartime America had a greater need for soothing and nostalgic ballads. [2] The close of the ass saw the release of the recording Body and Soul [4] by Coleman Hawkins.This piece marked the beginning of the bebop revolution. Unlike the usual conventions of swing, Body and Soul saw the Increase of Improvisation and the use of double time. Despite barely hinted at the melody, Hawkins conveyed avid forms of improvisation. The emphasis on the chord structure rather than the melody leading up to a solo became a hallmark for future bebop pieces to come. [2] Bebop saw the downfall of Swing in many ways. For example, in large big band ensembles, some musicians began to be discontent with the lack of space for soloing.Bebop ensembles employed smaller numbers (usually a quintet) as opposed to big band where ten or more players performed. Unlike swing, where simple 2 or 4 bar phrases of Improvisation was usually the case, bebop utilized uneven numbers of bars and overlapping phrases. The rhythm section also began to receive greater priority, beating out a strong four to the bar pulse. Also, in swing there was commonly no need for a bassist whereas bebop strongly needed a bass. By 1 946, The Big Band tradition was officially dead.Many factors such as competition from other styles (Dixieland, rhythm and blues and taxes and unfortunately, and the certain predictability that had crept into swing. [2] Bebop also differed to straightforward swing in style. Bebops style was more experimental and, in the most positive way possible, unrestrained. Tempos were fast, phrasing asymmetrical, intricate melodies were played and far greater importance was placed on the rhythm section. Swing was generally associated with big band and once, while bebop was all about improvisation and soloing.Bebop performers however usually took the chord progressions of popular swing pieces and improvised over them- showing the close link between the two styles despite the differences. Moreover, bebop players usually incorporated harmonic devices such as substitution, where one replaces a simpler chord with a more complicated one like a flattened ninth, sharpened ninth or the trio-tone. Unfortunately, bebop did not appear to be as popular as swing, despite influencing pop and virtually every style of non-classical music. ] To audiences it sounded too foreign and different, and due to the recording strike, they never had the opportunity to be eased into the style gradually- so it is quite understandable that it came as somewhat of a shock. Likewise, as Bebop is rebellious in nature many musicians did not give into or conform to commercial pressures, therefore their potential to record and sell was drastically cut. [2] In addition, due to the lack of bebop singers the audience could not relate to music as there were no lyrics. There was also a lack of participation as one cannot dance to bebop.Ironically, similar to Swing, Bebop also suffered from competition from o ther styles. (Such as Dixieland, rhythm and blues and pop singers- the very same styles that overtook Swing) Finally, after World War Two, Veterans were more concerned starting and raising a family than going out to enjoy music. The rise of the television also saw the reduction in people going out to clubs and bars. [2] However, to musicians, Bebop saw the start of an exciting and experimental side of Jazz music. After the ass, bebop was further developed by artists such as Clifford Brown, Sonny Sit and Fats Innovator.Bebop is still found to be played throughout the world, and still remains a popular genre of music. The rebellious nature of the music influenced many mediums; certain poets had a Jazz player accompany them at readings and the non conformist ideals of hippies bears close resemblance to the ideals of bebop. In the modern scene, bebop has influenced hip hop and rap performances, and many samples of playing can be found on modern recordings. In conclusion, the world has seen many styles come and go- it is all Just a natural process in the evolution and placement of music.

Why are we learning US history

Introduction Currently, there are numerous demands from the desire to live in the present and focus on the future. This has resulted from the countless uncertainties that people are faced with. As a result, many students may fail to understand the importance of studying early American history at this point in time when they are supposed to be taught about current issues and how to cope with future contingencies (Holt 76).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are we learning US history? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has made many opt to go for science subjects whose purposes they believe are easy to discern. It has to be noted that history is very important; in fact indispensable. Nevertheless, it results are hardly tangible and may not be seen immediately like those of other subjects such as engineering. Learners ought to know that history is very essential not only to individuals but also to the entire so ciety. Understanding the society By studying American history, students are able to understand people and the society well. It is by looking at the history of a specific society that one can be able to unravel the mystery of why the society behaves in a specific manner. There are numerous scientific laws that have been put forward in an attempt to explain human behavior. These laws have only been made to stand their grounds by being based on past experience hence underlining the importance of history (Holt 89). Most of the present students have been born at the time when America has already seen civilization. Consequently, it is very hard for such students to understand that technological innovation has a greater influence in the society. It is only by studying the history of the specific society that they can be able to systematically understand the evolution the society has undergone. It is hard for one to solve current problems without knowing the origin of the problem. For insta nce, to counter a problem such as alcoholism, people have gone to the extent of investigating how alcoholism has been in the past years. Through this, they have been able to learn variations in rate of alcoholism and factors that have contributed to the variations (Holt pp. 124-132). History has greatly contributed in solving the problem of alcoholism in the society. This is because researchers have managed to predict its trend based on the historical trends. Low voter turnout is a major problem that currently affects the American. It is only by looking at the history of the voter turnout that Americans can come up with a lasting solution to the problem. Consequently, by learning American history, students are in a better position of educating the society on the importance of turning out in large numbers for such events (Stearns 256).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They can base their arguments on some of the challenges that were later experienced after elections and attribute them to low voter turnout thus encouraging voters to participate in elections. With every American looking forward for a healthy political environment, this can only be achieved by revisiting the history of its politics, look at the various changes that have emerged and how they have contributed towards improving it or ruining it. Despite a contemporary analysis of the political environment helping in highlight some of the problems; it can not effectively bring out all the problems affecting the American politics. History has to be leveraged for this to be achieved. Moral understanding and sense of identity History contributes to moral understanding and creating a sense of identity. By studying American history, students are presented with varied complexities and dilemmas that past heroes and heroines came across in the past and how they coped with them. As a result, they become inspired by them thus working towards improving their standards in bid to be improve their identity and be associated with the past heroes and heroines (Stearns pp. 260-263). It is through studying history that students can understand their background. This would help them identify with a specific lineage and learn how their families have coped with historical changes. History helps in creating good citizenship History is a vital subject towards bringing up loyal citizens. This is one of the major arguments that been used in supporting inclusion of the subject in curriculum. One can not love his or her country without first understanding the hardships it has gone through to reach where it is as well as how and why various institutions have been established. By understanding these, one can gauge his or her country with others, acknowledge the achievements made and look for ways to make it better thus becoming a loyal citizen (Stearns 258). Further, studying history helps one learn how past, pre sent and future changes that shape citizens’ lives occur or may occur and the impacts they are likely to have. It is through studying the American history that students will be able to develop mental habits that are important for responsible social conduct. Conclusion It is evident that history is indispensable. For some of the scientific theories to be formulated they have to base their arguments on past historical facts. Consequently, learning the American history helps in understanding the social fabrics of the Americans, how the country has evolved and related with its neighbours thus facilitating in molding students to be loyal citizens in future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are we learning US history? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Holt, Thomas C. Thinking Historically: Narrative, Imagination, and Understanding. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1990. Stearns, Peter N. Meaning over Memory: Recasting the Teaching of History and Culture. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. This essay on Why are we learning US history? was written and submitted by user Graysen K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 TED Talks to inspire teachers

10 TED Talks to inspire teachers Summer is on the way out, and the school year is underway. Everything is shiny and new. But if you’ve taught before, you know it’s not long until the gleam wears off and the grind of the school year sets in. These 10 Ted Talks from teachers who are changing the world around them will inspire you long after September has passed. Watch when you’re feeling burned out, and know that you, too, have a personal hand in molding the lives of the kids you see every day.1. Rita F. Pierson: â€Å"Every Kid Needs a Champion†Pierson has been a teacher for the past 40 years. Her bottom line: you have to connect with your students on a human, personal level. Her response to a colleague who said he wasn’t paid to like the kids? The kids can tell.2. Linda Cliatt-Wayman: â€Å"How to Fix a Broken School†Her answer to this question? â€Å"Lead fearlessly, love hard.† This principal of a once-failing North Philadelphia school has a lot to say about the com plexities of running â€Å"low performing and persistently dangerous† schools and how a true love of the students is the only foundation for any change.3. Sakena Yacoobi: â€Å"How I stopped the Taliban from shutting down my school†The Taliban shut down every girls’ school in Afghanistan. Yacoobi set up new ones- secret schools to educate thousands of girls and boys. This inspirational talk shows just what a teacher is capable of in the face of terrifying obstacles.4. Nadia Lopez: â€Å"Why open a school? To close a prison.†Lopez is the founder of Mott Hall Bridges Academy in Brownsville, Brooklyn- one of the most violent and underserved neighborhoods of New York City. Here, she talks about finding out what each child is capable of and how they can plan for a bright future.5. Christopher Emdin: â€Å"Teach teachers how to create magic†Emdin’s focus is making learning come alive. Whatever gets a kid interested and engaged allows you to teach- anything from rap songs to barbershop banter to church sermons. He’s also the founder of Science Genius B.A.T.T.L.E.S. with GZA of the Wu-Tang Clan.6. Ramsey Musallam: â€Å"3 rules to spark learning†Musallam was jarred awake after 10 years of what he calls â€Å"pseudo teaching† by surgery and the surgeon who saved his life. Here, he talks about the three principles he used to turn his classroom around.7. Fawn Qiu: â€Å"Easy DIY projects for kid engineers†Trying to figure out how to get kids into STEM? Qiu’s practical advice gives great ideas to teachers hoping to find low-cost, innovative ideas for projects for students of all levels to get them excited by STEM fields.8. Reshma Saujani: â€Å"Teach girls bravery, not perfection†Girls are often socialized to be perfect- and not just that, but to meet impossible standards of perfection. If they feel they can’t live up to these impossible ideals, they’ll often give up. Saujani wants to teach girls to respond to challenges with bravery and confidence.9. Eduardo Briceà ±o: â€Å"How to get better at the things you care about†No matter how much you want to be good at something, there will always come a time when your work will stagnate, no matter how persistently you’re working. These times require a bit of extra determination. Briceà ±o also offers up a strategy- alternating between learning and performance modes- to keep things fresh and forward moving.10. Stephen Ritz: â€Å"A teacher growing green in the South Bronx†A tree grows in the Bronx? Ritz focuses on urban landscaping and agricultural projects that help his students learn new skills effortlessly while improving an underserved community’s access to nutritious food. He’ll help you learn how to think outside the box. Prepare to be inspired.

'Gendered' realm' of international politics Article

'Gendered' realm' of international politics - Article Example There are circumstances that can make a woman feel like her sex is a trap of sorts, an anchor that weighs her down, and a chain that is like a tether which determines the circumference of how far she can go. The traditional mindset has clear guidelines of what the two sexes can and are meant to do. A man has the image of the leader, right from the home where he is the breadwinner and the head of the house (Tickner & Sjosburg, 2007 ) . This role playing is cast further afield to the institutions that run our societies; the man is considered to be the natural leader and the woman is the assistant. In what position does this leave the woman in these supposedly modern times where the force of modern liberation has 'opened' up opportunities for women in leadership' Are men and women on an equal platform when it comes to leadership opportunities, especially' The question of gender equity is all pervasive; it is not limited to certain aspects of life or work. The momentum has been gathering on the struggle for equal opportunities for women as there are for men. ... International politics is indeed a gender realm because there are still clich'd and stereotypical views on the role that women are meant to play in society. The acceptance of women being capable leaders has only gotten impetus in recent years (Ticker & Sjosburg, 2007). What are the indicators that international politics is a gender issue, how many female leaders are actively involved in international politics, what view do men and women themselves hold concerning the role that the latter play in international politics' Answering these questions will facilitate the understanding how international politics is a 'gendered realm'. Feminist theories on international relations International relations is defined by Halliday (1995) as being the study of the what constitutes the international system in terms of foreign affairs and interregional concerns, which are directed and seen to by heads of states, inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and multinational corporations. Feminist international relations theory tries to analyze what the traditional role of women has been in international politics (Halliday, 1995). Feminists have advanced several theories as to why women have so far played such a small role in international affairs. These theories are diverse. When Enloe asks 'where are the women'' (Enloe, 2000) it is in a half ironic manner, because unlike her predecessors she acknowledges that there are women who play a part in international relations: as wives, secretaries, sex workers or even poster girls. But the role played by these women is one that is considered so minor it is no t worth noting. For too long, the women have remained stuck in these positions, watching from the

Philosophy Of Aesthetics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Philosophy Of Aesthetics - Article Example To some, aesthetics is thought to be a study of critical language, or criticism of works of art. In critiquing works of art, it is suggested that a better question than 'Is it Art' would be 'Is it important' or 'Does it matter' (Burke, et al. 1993). According to An Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "criticism, and aesthetics, involve a sort of arduous thinking that isn't usually asked of people, and is produced normally only by artists . . .". The values irrevocably linked to works of art, as well as the choices that have to be made (Burke, et al. 1993) help us to understand how works of art travel through time to reach our eyes and ears. Understanding the values creates more understanding about the choices that have been made in the art's history. A painting by Rembrandt may be set aside or even discarded if it doesn't measure up to the values of the artist's body of work, or the times in which they are shown. Once that choice is made, the history of the artwork changes completely. Values are also about the 'norms', implied or not, of the art world. As in any part of human endeavor, trying to achieve the norm, the standard, often becomes only successful in achieving mediocrity. Values are the guidelines that great works of art must step outside to achieve greatness. ... History has watched art that has found great popularity and success become invisible when it becomes the 'norm' or is standardized. It becomes wallpaper. So what makes art last Is it beauty What is beauty In Webster's dictionary, aesthetic is defined as an appreciation of beauty. It is the only definition of aesthetic. In philosophy, aesthetic has no definition, only description., many descriptions. As for beauty, it is, of course, in the eye of the beholder. But this does not stop critics from deciding what is beautiful and what is not, which helps some to feel the security of those boundaries, while infuriating others who are imprisoned by them. For who hasn't stood at a window on a gray, rainy day and appreciated the dim, dreary landscape as beautiful in its way Yet there are many who will look out the window and simply say, "I don't like rain." Interpretation of art is different from evaluation, critique and judgements. Interpretation involves explanations of things that are not obvious to the viewer, or listener. Evaluation is more objective and might be thought of as having more to do with the actual piece of art and its explicit components. Critique and judgements are the defining remarks that are based on many factors, which include interpretation, evaluation, personal taste, historical reference, and many others. A tertiary conversation within the realm of aesthetic philosophy is the question 'Is Art Dead', Rosenstein (2002) puts forward the idea that not art but art theory is dead. The pallbearer has been brought to the art scene many times before and been disappointed to find it still breathing. Art is not dead but there are eras that are so lacking in originality that they